Thursday, April 22, 2021

Scientists Have Found Out That a 9th Planet Exists, but Something Strange Is Happening


TheSimplySpace on Youtube shows that the technical advances of recent years have not stopped at the field of astronomy. Gigantic discoveries such as the first photo of a black hole show that there are still numerous unexplored objects and phenomena in our universe. According to extrapolations by astrophysicists, there are probably as many as 100 billion galaxies in space and an equally large number of planets in the Milky Way alone, whose existence we have not yet learned of.

Some science out there is pseudoscience. The word pseudoscience is derived from the Greek root pseudo meaning false and the English word science, from the Latin word scientia, meaning "knowledge". Pseudoscience consists of statements, beliefs, or practices that claim to be both scientific and factual but are incompatible with the scientific method.

Some people may believe that a 9th planet exists in our solar system. Our solar system consists of our star, the Sun, and everything bound to it by gravity - the planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, dwarf planets such as Pluto, dozens of moons and millions of asteroids, comets and meteoroids.

Planet 9 (Nine) is a hypothetical planet in the outer region of the Solar System. Its gravitational effects could explain the unusual clustering of orbits for a group of extreme so-called trans-Neptunian objects (ETNOs), bodies beyond Neptune that orbit the Sun at distances averaging more than 250 times that of the Earth. These ETNOs tend to make their closest approaches to the Sun in one sector, and their orbits are similarly tilted. These alignments suggest that an undiscovered planet may be shepherding the orbits of the most distant known Solar System objects. Nonetheless, some astronomers indeed question the idea that the hypothetical planet exists and instead assert that the clustering of the ETNOs orbits is due to observing biases, resulting from the difficulty of discovering and tracking these objects during much of the year.

Based on earlier considerations, this hypothetical super-Earth-sized planet would have had a predicted mass of 5 to 10 times that of the Earth, and an elongated orbit 400 to 800 times as far from the Sun as the Earth. Konstantin Batygin and Michael E. Brown suggested that Planet Nine could be the core of a giant planet that was ejected from its original orbit by Jupiter during the genesis of the Solar System. Others proposed that the planet was captured from another star, was once a rogue planet, or that it formed on a distant orbit and was pulled into an eccentric orbit by a passing star.

The section of the universe, which humans can see, resembles a tiny puzzle piece, which is put together by researchers for centuries piece by piece. Not even the solar system known to us has been completely explored, as can be seen from the discovery of the possible dwarf planet Farout only two years ago or the discussion about a gas in the atmosphere of Venus that could indicate life. For several years, researchers have also speculated about the possibility of another planet in our solar system. Since Pluto's planetary status was revoked, eight have been counted among them. Newest research results from California let astronomy enthusiasts now again strongly listen: There is actually a mathematical proof for the ninth planet in our solar system!

In August 2006, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) downgraded the status of Pluto to that of "dwarf planet." This means that from now on only the rocky worlds of the inner Solar System and the gas giants of the outer system will be designated as planets.

5 Theories About What Lies Outside The Observable Universe


TheSimplySpace on Youtube shows that about 13.75 billion years ago, our universe as we know it was created.

Keep in mind, the Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological model of the observable universe from the earliest known periods through its subsequent large-scale evolution. The model describes how the universe expanded from an initial state of high density and temperature.

Shortly after the universe was created, the primordial light began to shoot through the cosmos and spread throughout the entire early universe. At this time the universe itself also expanded. However, the inflation of the universe slowed down after the first initial eruption, but since then the rate of expansion has been steadily increasing due to the influence of increasing dark energy. In essence, the cosmos has been growing at an ever-increasing rate since its creation.

Physicists and mathematicians certainly have been studying the nature of the universe for hundreds of years, trying to solve the mysteries it contains. But there are some scientists who go one step further into the unknown by thinking about what lies beyond the boundaries of our universe. Is it possible that there is something else beyond the existence of our universe? Other universes, worlds whose existence we can only guess at? That could well be the case. These are the 5 theories in the video about what this "something" could be and what clues there are for the various theories.

10 Space Photos That Will Give You Nightmares


Factnomenal on Youtube shows that outer space images can be scary. Space discoveries by the Hubble space telescope are made often. NASA focuses on finding new things within the Universe and sometimes they run into pretty creepy things. Enjoy this space video showing off creepy space images as part of the space discoveries 2020 series!

10 Planet Discoveries That Scare Astronomers - Space Discoveries 2020


Factnomenal on Youtube shows the strangest planets ever discovered by NASA! These latest and recent space discoveries 2020 reveal some of the strangest planets ever discovered. There are some planets like earth and some so different. The universe contains so many planets that it is impossible to count them all. These amazing space discoveries are for sure something you have never seen before.

The order of the planets in the solar system, starting nearest the sun and working outward is the following: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and then the possible Planet Nine.

Planet Nine is certainly a hypothetical planet in the outer region of the Solar System. Its gravitational effects could explain the unusual clustering of orbits for a group of extreme so-called trans-Neptunian objects, bodies beyond Neptune that orbit the Sun at distances averaging more than 250 times that of the Earth.

10 Recent Space Discoveries That Scientists Can't Explain


TheSimplySpace on Youtube shows that the universe has endless expanses. It is full of surprises and ever new events. This month, the news of new sightings, mysterious apparitions and fascinating events have once again come thick and fast. See the most recent and amazing discoveries of the scientists.

Something Strange is Surrounding Our Solar System - 10 Insane Space Discoveries


Factnomenal shows that something strange is surrounding our solar system. Here are 10 space discoveries that may shock! Astronomers from all over the world have gathered these discoveries from using space telescopes like the Hubble Space Telescope as well as the Kepler Space Telescope. With the new Mars Perseverance rover roaming the Martian surface, we will soon have a lot more amazing discoveries!

20 Most Incredible Recent Space Discoveries To Blow Your Mind


Unexplained Mysteries on Youtube shows 20 most incredible recent space discoveries to blow your mind. Take a look at these 20 most incredible recent space discoveries to blow your mind.

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration, known by the acronym NASA, was established in 1958. NASA is responsible for the United States’ civilian space programme as well as aeronautical discoveries and space research. High-profile examples of NASA’s work include the Apollo Moon landing missions, the Skylab space centre and the Space Shuttle programme. NASA is committed to the ongoing investigation of planets and other features of our Universe, and regularly reports on new discoveries.

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is certainly an independent agency of the USA federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and space research.

NASA was established in 1958, succeeding the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). The new agency was to have a distinctly civilian orientation, encouraging peaceful applications in space science.

25 Scary But True Space Facts


Factnomenal on Youtube shows 25 SCARY space facts that may keep you up at night. Some of these interesting facts are amazing yet terrifying at the same time. As the days go one, we learn more about our universe, one outer space discovery at a time!

Deep Space Discoveries Indicate Spectacular Objects Exist Far Beyond our Solar System


DTTV - Science Answers on Youtube shows that with the giant powerful telescopes​ now being made available to astronomers​, we are at the verge of discovering previously unfathomable details about exoplanets​. The Kepler mission showed us that exoplanets​ were not rare, and there are millions or trillions out there, waiting for our discovery. The first-ever exoplanet discovered was born at least a 100 times farther away from its Sun than where it is now.

15 Most Mysterious Space Discoveries


Top Fives on Youtube shows that Outer Space is a mysterious place! They are taking a look at some of the most mysterious discoveries in outer space out there.

Wednesday, April 21, 2021

Black Hole or Cosmic Light Switch?


ThunderboltsProject on Youtube shows that a new scientific paper describes an unprecedented and so-called "mind boggling" event around a so-called black hole - an event so rapid, energetic and completely unexpected to astronomers, it challenges the very bedrock of black hole theory. 

A team of scientists studying an active galactic nucleus observed the brightness of a so-called black hole corona drop by a factor of 10,000 in less than one year.  A co-author of a new paper on the discovery stated, "We expect that luminosity changes this big should vary on timescales of many thousands to millions of years. But in this object, we saw it change by 10,000 over a year, and it even changed by a factor of 100 in eight hours, which is just totally unheard of and really mind-boggling."

Scientists Are Finally Unveiling Secret Space Mysteries


TheSimplySpace on Youtube shows the infinite expanses of space hold many mysteries that fire the imagination of man. They range from inexplicable events to accounts of people who have been in space. Join them in the world of secret space mysteries in the video.

Extracts First Oxygen from Mars: NASA’s Perseverance Mars Rover


iGadgetPro on Youtube shows that Oxygen on Mars was generated by Perseverance Rover’s MOXIE instrument (first results).

On April 21, 2021, NASA confirmed Perseverance Rover’s MOXIE generated Oxygen on Mars for the first time. Test took place April 20, the 60th Martian day of Perseverance Rover. First MOXIE experiment allowed Perseverance to generate about 6 grams of Oxygen. It is enough for human to breathe for about 10 minutes while accomplishing normal tasks.

Mars Oxygen In-Situ Resource Utilization Experiment (MOXIE) accomplished the task to generate Oxygen O2 from Mars’s carbon dioxide CO2 atmosphere. After an hour of operation the total oxygen produced was about 5.4 grams, enough to keep an astronaut healthy for about 10 minutes of normal activity. Mars’ atmosphere is 96% carbon dioxide. MOXIE works by separating oxygen atoms from carbon dioxide molecules, which are made up of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms. A waste product, carbon monoxide, is emitted into the Martian atmosphere. MOXIE’s shield is made of gold.

The New Crisis in Cosmology


PBS Space Time has good news and bad news. Bad news first: 2 years ago they reported on the Crisis in Cosmology. Since then, it’s only gotten worse. And actually, the good news is also that the crisis in cosmology has actually gotten worse, which means they may be onto something!

Mars Geology Gets Even "Weirder"


ThunderboltsProject shows that in recent months, according to a number of scientific reports, the dusty winds and sand dune formations on the planet Mars have grown even more mysteries. In this episode, we explore why Electric Universe geology may hold the key to resolving both the mysterious processes in Mars' past, and those happening today.

Mars is the 4th planet from the Sun and the 2nd-smallest planet in the Solar System, being larger than only Mercury. In English, Mars carries the name of the Roman god of war and is often referred to as the "Red Planet". The latter refers to the effect of the iron oxide prevalent on Mars's surface, which gives it a reddish appearance distinctive among the astronomical bodies visible to the naked eye. Mars is certainly a terrestrial planet with a thin atmosphere, with surface features reminiscent of the impact craters of the Moon and the valleys, deserts and polar ice caps of Earth.

SpaceX Falcon Heavy beats out ULA Vulcan for NASA Moon rover launch


ENGINEERING TODAY on Youtube shows that SpaceX Falcon Heavy beats out ULA Vulcan for NASA Moon rover launch - Blue Origin human space flight.

It seems that SpaceX is winning the launch of NASA’s VIPER rover.

SpaceX will now launch NASA’s Moon rover to the lunar soil in 2023. This way SpaceX’s Falcon Heavy rocket has effectively beaten out United Launch Alliance’s Vulcan Centaur launch vehicle from their way to get that launch contract. According to the contract, SpaceX will now send a NASA rover and commercial lander to the Moon. Astrobotic, a company which won NASA’s lander contract in CLPS program, had earlier announced that they contracted with ULA to launch their first small so-called "Peregrine" lander and numerous NASA payloads to the Moon in 2021. Astrobotic then had selected ULA’s Vulcan Centaur as their launch vehicle for the "Peregrine" lander.

April 12 - sixty years since Yuri Gagarin went into space


BBC News shows that for the Soviet Union, Yuri Gagarin’s single orbit of the Earth was a huge achievement. There will be celebrations across Russia to mark the anniversary.

On April 12, 1961, aboard the spacecraft Vostok 1, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin becomes the first human being to travel into space. During the flight, the 27-year-old test pilot and industrial technician also became the first man to orbit the planet, a feat accomplished by his space capsule in 89 minutes.

Billionaire is Paying Elon Musk to Send Him to Space


VICE News shows that Jared Isaacman is the billionaire founder of Shift4 Payments, and recently got SpaceX to sell him a personal mission to outer space. This first all-civilian mission is scheduled for late 2021, and will see Isaacman and 3 other crew members launch on a Crew Dragon for a tour of the outer space areas.

NASA calls SpaceX 'best value' for next manned lunar mission


CNBC Television shows how CNBC's Morgan Brennan reports on the new partnership between NASA and SpaceX as the corporate space race heats up.

Space Exploration Technologies Corp. (SpaceX) is certainly an American aerospace manufacturer and space transportation services company headquartered in Hawthorne, California. It was founded in 2002 by Elon Musk with the goal of reducing space transportation costs to enable the colonization of so-called planet Mars. SpaceX manufactures the Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launch vehicles, several rocket engines, Dragon cargo and crew spacecraft and Starlink satellites.

It seems that recently NASA chose only SpaceX for its return to the moon even though the agency's stated plans called for 2 commercial partners.

SpaceX had been competing against Blue Origin and Dynetics for a pair of contracts for NASA's Artemis (moon flight) program. But, NASA on Friday announced SpaceX would get an exclusive $2.9 billion contract.

Pentagon confirms leaked UFO video is real


It seems that the Pentagon has confirmed that recently-leaked UFO video is real.

The Pentagon is the headquarters building of the USA Department of Defense. As a symbol of the USA military, the phrase The Pentagon is also often used as a metonym or synecdoche for the Department of Defense and its leadership.

Scientists find “strong evidence” for new mystery sub-atomic force of nature


BBC News shows that an international team of scientists, working on a project in the United States, say they have discovered strong evidence for the existence of a new force of nature. 

They say some sub-atomic particles - called muons - don't behave in a way predicted by current theories of physics. 

The British funders of the research say that scientists are "on the precipice of a new era of physics." 

Huw Edwards presents BBC News at Ten reporting by science correspondent Pallab Ghosh.

The muon (from the Greek letter mu (μ) used to represent it) is an elementary particle similar to the electron, with an electric charge of −1 e and a spin of 1/2, but with a much greater mass. It is classified as a lepton.

This Might Be a Brand-New Kind of Star


SciShow Space on Youtube shows that astronomers have theorized about an invisible star made up of theoretic particles in the past, but did we recently detect the gravitational waves of two of them colliding? Plus, extraterrestrial rocks from a decades-old mission keep yielding new discoveries!

Launch Of NASA's SpaceX To International Space Station


NBC News shows live coverage of the SpaceX Crew-1 launch as 4 astronauts head to the International Space Station. The Crew Dragon will take off from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Fla.

The NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) is America’s civil space program and the global leader in space exploration. The agency has a diverse workforce of just under 18,000 civil servants, and works with many more USA contractors, academia, and international and commercial partners to explore, discover, and expand knowledge for the benefit of humanity. With an annual budget of $23.2 billion in Fiscal Year 2021, which is less than 0.5% of the overall U.S. federal budget, NASA supports more than 312,000 jobs across the United States, generating more than $64.3 billion in total economic output (Fiscal Year 2019).

Australia’s first Homemade spacecraft


7NEWS Australia shows that as Australia steps up into the international space race, a Sydney start-up is building the nation's largest homemade spacecraft.

The Biggest Space News Stories of 2020


NOVA PBS Official shows that the coronavirus pandemic may have been the biggest science news story of 2020, but it wasn't the only story. Discover three of the greatest space developments of the year and what 2021 may bring.

Space junk: Even small fragments have the potential to cause significant damage


DW News shows that planet Earth is slowly being wrapped in a cloud of debris. Experts estimate that nearly 130 million pieces of scrap metal are currently orbiting our planet. Most are only a few millimeters in size, but there are also tanks, rocket stages and old satellites. Because of their high speed, even small fragments have the potential to cause dangerous significant damage.

Tuesday, April 20, 2021

Mars Helicopter Ingenuity's first Flight video (lift off and landing) - Science Loop


Science Loop on Youtube shows that Mars Ingenuity helicopter has made flight history!

NASA’s Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Succeeds in Historic First Flight

Monday, NASA’s Ingenuity Mars Helicopter became the first aircraft in history to make a powered, controlled flight on another planet. The Ingenuity team at the agency’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California confirmed the flight succeeded after receiving data from the helicopter via NASA’s Perseverance Mars rover at 6:46 a.m. EDT (3:46 a.m. PDT).

***Due to lack of time and information the quality and information of the video is not good enough.

There is also first image from Ingenuity's onboard camera during fly in Mars's atmosphere. NASA's Ingenuity Mars Helicopter took this shot while hovering over the Martian surface on April 19, 2021.

NASA is calling the flight a "Wright Brothers moment" on the Red Planet Mars!

Mars Ingenuity helicopter is also Autonomous. It takes some time to communicate from Earth to Mars. Because of this time delay, we can not use joystick. That is why scientists made it Autonomous. Cool! Isn't it?

NASA's experimental helicopter Ingenuity certainly rose into the thin air above the dusty red surface of Mars planet on Monday, achieving the first powered flight by an aircraft on another planet.

The triumph was hailed as a "Wright brothers moment." The small mini 4-pound (1.8-kilogram) helicopter certainly succeeded.

The first flight was short (just 39 seconds) - but it accomplished a major milestone.

The $85 million USA helicopter demo was considered high risk yet high reward.

To accomplish the fascinating Mars flight, the helicopter's twin, counter-rotating rotor blades needed to spin at 2,500 revolutions per minute - 5 times faster than on Earth.

The helicopter has an excellent solar panel for recharging the batteries, crucial for its survival during the -90 C Martian nights.

Saturday, April 10, 2021

Elon Musk Neuralink Monkey Brain Plays Pong Game explained - Science Loop


Science Loop on Youtube has interesting explanations. Neuralink just implanted a chip in a monkey's brain and demonstrated it playing video games with its mind. The science behind that could be a game-changer. Pager, a nine year old Macaque, plays MindPong with his Neuralink.

The Neuralink Website is at https://neuralink.com

Neuralink Corporation is a neurotechnology company founded by Elon Musk and others, developing implantable brain-machine interfaces (BMIs). The company's headquarters is in San Francisco. The company was started in 2016 and was first publicly reported in March 2017.

Since its founding, the company has hired several high-profile neuroscientists from various universities. By July 2019, it had received $158 million in funding (of which $100 million was from Musk) and was employing a staff of 90 employees. At that time, Neuralink announced that it was working on a "sewing machine-like" device capable of implanting very thin (4 to 6 μm in width) threads into the brain, and demonstrated a system that read information from a lab rat via 1,500 electrodes, they had anticipated starting experiments with humans in 2020; but have since moved that projection to 2021.

This innovative technology has certainly been criticized by several neuroscientists and publications, including the MIT Technology Review.

Elon Musk founded Space Exploration Technologies Corp. (SpaceX) - an American aerospace manufacturer and space transportation services company headquartered in Hawthorne, California.

The monkey "Pager" has learned to control a computer with his brain activity. At first, the monkey uses a joystick to interact with the computer for a "tasty banana smoothie, delivered through a straw." It seems that Pager has 2 Neuralink devices implanted in his brain. The devices, which Musk calls a "Fitbit for your skull," were certainly revealed at a press briefing in August 2020.

The Neuralink devices in the monkey's brain are reading his brain activity. When the team disconnect the joystick, Pager keeps playing the game - and the amazing brain-implant allows him to play the game "MindPong."

So-called "MindPong is an initial demonstration of the potential capabilities of the N1 Link. In the future, the device could be able to achieve even greater things.

Sunday, April 4, 2021

Bizarre Space Discoveries That Left Astronomers Worried


Factnomenal shows excellent Bizarre Space Discoveries That Left Astronomers Worried. These amazing space discoveries will make you wonder what is really out there in outer space. See interesting space discoveries, space facts, and interesting facts about space in general.

Outer space is certainly the expanse that exists beyond Earth and between celestial bodies. Outer space is not completely empty (it is a hard vacuum containing a low density of particles, predominantly a plasma of hydrogen and helium). It also contains electromagnetic radiation, magnetic fields, neutrinos, dust, and cosmic rays. The baseline temperature of outer space, as set by the background radiation from the Big Bang, is 2.7 kelvins (−270.45 °C; −454.81 °F).

Scientific observations suggest that the majority of the mass-energy in the observable universe is dark energy, a type of vacuum energy that seems to be poorly understood. Intergalactic space takes up most of the volume of the universe, but even galaxies and star systems consist almost entirely of empty space, it seems.

Aliens Are Real, Says Harvard Astronomer


VICE News shows that when an object called ʻOumuamua' was detected flying through our solar system in 2017, scientists were baffled by its strange behavior. Many said it was just a bizarre space rock, but Harvard astrophysicist Avi Loeb believes it was most likely a relic of an alien civilization. And he thinks you should believe that too.

In this episode of The Space Show, Motherboard reporter Becky Ferreira speaks with Professor Avi Loeb, chair of Harvard's astronomy department and author of the new book "Extraterrestrial."

Extraterrestrial life is hypothetical life which may occur outside Earth and which did not originate on Earth. Such life might range from simple prokaryotes (or comparable life forms) to intelligent beings and even sapient beings, possibly bringing forth civilizations which might be far more really advanced than humanity. The Drake equation speculates about the existence of sapient life elsewhere in the so-called universe. The science of extraterrestrial life in all its forms is certainly known as astrobiology.

Definition of word: sapient:

adjective

1. FORMAL
wise, or attempting to appear wise.
"members of the female quarter were more sapient but no less savage than the others"

2. relating to the human species ( Homo sapiens ).
"our sapient ancestors of 40,000 years ago"

noun

a human of the species Homo sapiens.

Since the mid-20th century, active ongoing research has taken place to look for signs of possible extraterrestrial life.

NASA's $10 Billion Time Machine - James Webb Space Telescope


Take a look at the James Webb Space Telescope. It will peer back in time billions of years to unlock some of the greatest secrets in the universe. Telescope scientists Heidi Hammel and Matt Mountain share their insights into the coolest space telescope ever.

So long as the weather, temperature, and other certain conditions cooperate, the nominal launch date for James Webb is October 31, 2021. NASA's James Webb Space Telescope looks good in its full configuration.

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST or "Webb") is a joint NASA-ESA-CSA space telescope that is planned to succeed the Hubble Space Telescope as NASA's flagship astrophysics mission. The JWST will provide improved infrared resolution and sensitivity over Hubble, and will enable a broad range of interesting investigations across the fields of astronomy and cosmology, including observing some of the most distant events and objects in the universe, such as the formation of the certain first galaxies.

The JWST is being developed by NASA, the European Space Agency and the Canadian Space Agency.

Development first began in 1996 for a launch that was initially planned for 2007 and a 500-million-dollar budget.

However, the project has had numerous delays and cost overruns. The project underwent a major redesign in 2005. The cost of developing the telescope is actually something over $10 billion.

NASA's Ingenuity helicopter set to make history on Mars


CTV News shows that a solar-powered helicopter is about to embark on a historic flight on Mars with a nod to the Wright Brothers.

The Name of the helicopter is Ingenuity. The Main Job is to be a technology demonstration to test the first powered flight on Mars. The helicopter rode to Mars attached to the belly of the Perseverance rover. It landed on Feb. 18, 2021 to Jezero Crater, Mars.

It is sure taking flight on another planet world. Once the Perseverance rover reaches a suitable "helipad" location, it will release Ingenuity to perform a series of test flights over a 30-Martian-day experimental window beginning in early April.

For the first flight, the helicopter will take off a few feet from the ground, hover in the air for about 20 to 30 seconds, and land. That will be the first powered flight in the extremely thin atmosphere of Mars. Additional experimental flights will be added of incrementally farther distance and greater altitude. After the helicopter completes its technology demonstration, Perseverance will continue its important scientific mission.

This is the first helicopter ever designed to fly successfully in the thin Martian air. The helicopter demonstrates miniaturized flying technology. Parts are small: onboard computers, electronics and other parts. The helicopter is light enough to take off.

"Ingenuity helicopter" will use solar power to charge its batteries and rely on internal heaters to maintain operational temperatures during the so-called cold Martian nights.

Helicopter Features:

- Weighs 4 pounds (1.8 kg)
- Solar-powered and recharges on its own
- Wireless communication system
- Counter-rotating blades spin about 2,400 rpm
- Equipped with computers, navigation sensors, and 2 cameras (one color and one black-and-white)
- Height: about 19 inches (0.49 meters)
- Rotor system span: about 4 feet (1.2 meters)

Keep in mind, the average gravitational acceleration on Mars is 3.72076 ms−2 (about 38% of that of Earth) and it varies.

The gravity on Mars' surface seems to be much lower than it is here on Earth - 62% lower to be precise. At just 0.376 of the Earth standard (or 0.376 g), a person who weighs 100 kg on Earth would weigh only 38 kg on Mars.

Friday, April 2, 2021

Why is Russia's giant new space telescope underwater?


AFP News Agency shows that Russian scientists launch one of the world's biggest underwater space telescopes that will study the mysteries of the universe while floating in the so-called pristine waters of Lake Baikal.

Lake Baikal (Russian: озеро Байкал) is a rift lake located in southern Siberia, Russia, between Irkutsk Oblast to the northwest and the Buryat Republic to the southeast.

Lake Baikal is the largest freshwater lake by volume in the world, containing 22 to 23% of the world's fresh surface water. With 23,615.39 km3 (5,670 cu mi) of fresh water, it contains more water than all of the North American Great Lakes combined. With a maximum depth of 1,642 m (5,387 ft), Baikal is the world's deepest lake. It is among the world's clearest lakes and is the world's oldest lake, at 25-30 million years old. It is certainly the 7th-largest lake in the world by surface area.

Russian scientists have deployed a giant telescope into the frigid depths of Lake Baikal in southern Siberia to search for the tiniest known particles in the universe. The telescope, Baikal-GVD, is designed to search for neutrinos, which are nearly massless subatomic particles with no electrical charge. Neutrinos seem to be everywhere, but they interact so weakly with the forces around them that they are very hard to detect.

A neutrino is a certain subatomic particle that is very similar to an electron, but has no electrical charge and a very small mass, which might even be "zero." Neutrinos are one of the most abundant particles in the universe. Because they have very little interaction with matter, however, they seem to be incredibly difficult to detect.

Scientists are looking under Lake Baikal (1,700 meters deep). This lake is certainly the deepest lake on Earth. Neutrino detectors are typically built underground to shield them from so-called cosmic rays and other sources of interference.

The Baikal Gigaton Volume Detector (Baikal-GVD) deep underwater neutrino telescope being lowered beneath Lake Baikal in southern Siberia.

The scientists deployed the neutrino detector through the ice about 2.5 miles (4 kilometers) from the lakeshore in the southern part of the lake on March 13, lowering modules made of string, glass spheres and stainless steel up to 4,300 feet (1,310 m) into the water.

This telescope is unusual. Most of the telescopes used by astronomers are known as ground-based, this means that they are located here on Earth at some of the best observing sites in the world. When a telescope is placed on the ground it has to look up through the Earth's atmosphere to see into space, and the atmosphere can really blur images.

A telescope is usually an optical instrument using lenses, curved mirrors, or a combination of both to observe distant objects, or various devices used to observe distant objects by their emission, absorption, or reflection of electromagnetic radiation. The first known practical telescopes were refracting telescopes invented in the Netherlands at the beginning of the 17th century, by using glass lenses. They were used for both terrestrial applications and astronomy.

Russia and China want to build a space station on the moon


WION shows that the "space race" for space dominance is heating up. Russia and China certainly want to build a lunar space station. NASA wants another space station to orbit the moon. India has its own plans for a space station. Space might have borders in the future.

A so-called lunar outpost is a concept of a permanent or semi-permanent presence of humans on the Moon (a moonbase). Certain space companies want an increase in their budgets in order to make another crewed mission to the Moon. A sustained presence on the Moon is also possible in the future.

The concept of establishing a long-term human presence on the Moon can be traced back to the late 1950s. Plans are out there such as constructing an underground Air Force Base on the Moon, other military bases on the Moon, designs of lunar outposts and lunar rovers for long-duration treks across the Moon's surface.

The Artemis program is from 2017 to Present. The Artemis program is a planned crewed spaceflight program carried out predominately by NASA, USA commercial spaceflight companies, and international partners such as the European Space Agency (ESA), JAXA, and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) with the goal of landing "the first woman and the next man" on the Moon, specifically at the lunar south pole region by 2024. NASA sees Artemis as the next step towards the long-term goal of establishing a sustainable presence on the Moon, laying the foundation for private companies to build a lunar economy, and eventually successfuly sending humans to Mars. One primary target is Shackleton crater. In 2028 NASA plans on launching the Lunar Surface Asset, a small habitat to the surface of the Moon on either an SLS Block 1B or through an Artemis Support Mission on a commercial launcher. This would be certainly the first so-called crewed lunar base.

"Colonization of the Moon" could happen in the future. This is a concept employed by some proposals of establishing permanent human settlement or robotic presence on the Moon (the closest astronomical body to Earth) and the Earth's only so-called natural satellite. Other terms can also be used, such as: "space settlement" or "space habitation."

The Moon is highly likely to be the first permanent human space colony or settlement, because it is very close to the Earth.

Certain water exists on the Moon - "Lunar water." This so-called water was first discovered by India's ISRO Chandrayaan-1 mission in 2008. Diffuse water molecules can persist at the Moon's sunlit surface, as successfully discovered by NASA's SOFIA observatory in 2020. Gradually water vapor is decomposed by sunlight, leaving hydrogen and oxygen lost to outer space. Scientists have found water ice in the cold, permanently shadowed craters at the Moon's poles. It seems that water molecules are also in the extremely thin lunar atmosphere.

The chemistry of water is interesting. Water is an inorganic, transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance, which is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms (in which it acts as a solvent). Water is vital for all known forms of life, even though it provides no calories or organic nutrients. Its chemical formula is H2O, meaning that each of its molecules contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms, connected by covalent bonds. Two hydrogen atoms are attached to one oxygen atom at an angle of 104.45°.

Water (H2O), and the chemically related hydroxyl group (-OH), exist in forms chemically bound as hydrates and hydroxides to lunar minerals (rather than free water), and evidence strongly suggests that this is the case in low concentrations as for much of the Moon's surface. In fact, of surface matter, adsorbed water is calculated to exist at trace concentrations of 10 to 1000 parts per million. Inconclusive evidence of free water ice at the lunar poles had accumulated during the second half of the 20th century from a variety of observations suggesting the presence of bound hydrogen.

Keep in mind, if research or evidence is inconclusive, it has not really proved anything. But, it can suggest something.

On 18 August 1976, the Soviet Luna 24 probe landed at Mare Crisium, took samples from the depths of 118, 143, and 184 cm of the lunar regolith, and then took them to Earth. In February 1978, it was published that laboratory analysis of these samples shown they contained 0.1% water by mass. Spectral measurements shown minima near 3, 5, and 6 µm, distinctive valence-vibration bands for water molecules, with intensities 2 or 3 times larger than the noise level.

On 24 September 2009, it was reported that the NASA's Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) spectrometer onboard India's ISRO Chandrayaan-1 probe had detected absorption features near 2.8-3.0 μm on the surface of the Moon. On 14 November 2008, India made the Moon Impact Probe onboard Chandrayaan-1 orbiter crash into Shackleton crater and confirmed the presence of water ice. For silicate bodies, such features are typically attributed to hydroxyl- and/or water-bearing materials. In August 2018, NASA confirmed that M3 showed water ice is present on the surface at the Moon poles. Water was confirmed to be on the sunlit surface of the Moon by NASA on October 26, 2020.

The search for the presence of lunar water continues. Lunar missions continue to be made to the Moon. The water's usefulness could possibly help in long-term lunar habitation.